4/3/2024 0 Comments Softimage 3d printFurthermore, the utilization of rigid nanoparticles may compromise the softness and flexibility of composites, thereby limiting the shape-morphing capabilities of 4D printed materials in intricate environments. These elevated loadings complicate the printing process and limit the extent of shape change 16, 17. Nevertheless, a drawback to using particulate-based nanocomposites to achieve shape change lies in establishing the necessary percolated network within the elastomer matrix, often requiring high filler loadings. Moreover, rigid nanomaterials can also reinforce the mechanical properties of 4D-printed products, elevating overall durability and augmenting the load-bearing capacity of the composite material for diverse applications. An alternative approach to producing composites capable of inducing shape transformation involved the incorporation of conductive carbon black particles or carbon nanotubes into 3D-printed polymers, thus sensitizing the composites to electrothermal stimulation. successfully integrated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles into 3D-printed objects, thereby producing composites that demonstrated thermally and remotely controlled shape-memory behavior under an alternating magnetic field 15. Nanoparticles with unique properties (such as photosensitivity and chemosensitivity) can enhance the stimuli-responsiveness of printed objects, thereby enabling precise and efficient shape changes. To overcome the limitations of using polymers alone, several researchers have demonstrated the integration of functional rigid nanomaterials into 3D-printed presents several benefits for advancing the 4D printing nanocomposites 14. Conventional 3D-printed polymers display limited responses to external stimuli such as light, electricity, and magnetic fields, limiting their utility in 4D printing applications. This technology creates objects with customizable and controllable shape transformation by harnessing shape memory effects 8, 9, opening up various avenues for soft robotics 10, 11, wearable devices 12, and healthcare 13. 4D printing technology harnesses programmable and advanced smart materials that respond to specific stimuli, such as water 3, heat 4, 5, photo 6, and pH 7, to achieve shape and property changes. Similar content being viewed by othersĤD printing represents a cutting-edge technology in additive manufacturing, wherein initially static 3D-printed materials undergo shape transformations over time 1, 2. This work provides a perspective on the use of liquid metal-polymer composites in 4D printing, showcasing their potential for application in the field of soft robots. This approach enables the photothermal-induced 4D printing of composites, as demonstrated by the programmed shape memory of 3D-printed composites rapidly recovering to their original shape in 60 s under light irradiation. Unlike rigid nanoparticles, the soft and liquid nature of nanoparticles reduces glass transition temperature, tensile stress, and modulus of 3D-printed materials. Spherical liquid metal nanoparticles are directly prepared in 3D-printed resins via a one-pot approach, providing a simple and efficient strategy for fabricating liquid metal-polymer composites. In this study, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization agents grafted onto liquid metal nanoparticles are successfully employed in ultraviolet light-mediated stereolithographic 3D printing and near-infrared light-responsive 4D printing. 4D printing combines 3D printing with nanomaterials to create shape-morphing materials that exhibit stimuli-responsive functionalities.
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